Confessional Perspectives vs. Laic/Non-Confessional Historiography
In debates about Buddhism—especially when discussing practice and the spiritual value of the Buddha’s message—it is common to encounter claims that the doctrine’s historical development has altered its “original” message. Such judgments typically imply two things: on the one hand, they presuppose the existence of an immutable origin against which change can be measured; on the other, they often carry a value judgment that denounces the present as corrupted or decayed compared with an alleged primordial purity. This is an ancient religious topos that connects an original message to the degeneration of later times. This reading is problematic and, from both historical and philosophical standpoints, should be approached with caution. Continua a leggere “Studying Buddhism”
The meaning of the word and the characters of “kawaii.” The “Japan mania” of recent years, conveyed mainly by pop culture products such as anime and manga, has made certain terms such as the one we discuss here familiar: “kawaii.” I will devote a few lines to somewhat scholastic but necessary definitions to understand what we are talking about, and then move on to a freer approach in investigating this phenomenon. This approach would like to be inspired by contamination between disciplines and, above all, characterized by a freedom to follow all cues for interpretation without fear of saying something unscholarly. The word “kawaii” is translatable as Italian for “cute,” but there is a nuance in the original Japanese word that is somehow lost in its rendering in a different language. Indeed, a word is also anchored in the social context in which it was born, and the loss of these ties, which also has semantic implications, brings a certain degree of emptying. We will try to identify the characteristics of “kawaii” later; here we content ourselves with defining the word in general. Thus, the adjective “kawaii” describes that which is “cute,” “adorable.” But it has a feminine undertone. In fact, a girl is “kawaii,” but a boy is not, another adjective is used (unless we want to give a particular connotation to our comment). The use of the term is also more frequently employed by female subjects. 
Introduction. The second part of the 20th century, from the post-World War II period onward, has seen a gradual expansion of international mobility. As a result of the process of economic and socio-cultural integration that since the 1990s we have begun to define more precisely as globalization, the world has become increasingly smaller. The Schengen Treaty and low-cost flights, moreover, have made Europe a unique space in terms of tourism as well. Even my generation, which experienced childhood in the 1980s, can hardly remember a Europe of borders and passports. However, despite the shrinking of the world, the fascination of distant lands remains. Mass tourism has only confirmed, according to fashions and times, the attraction for those lands that intrigue, attract, seem exotic. It should always be kept in mind, however, that the category of “exoticism” is determined by point of view, and that here we start from the European worldview. 
Il significato della parola e i caratteri del “kawaii”. La “Japan mania” degli ultimi anni, veicolata soprattutto da prodotti della cultura pop come anime e manga, ha reso familiare certi termini come quello di cui parliamo qui: il “kawaii”. Dedicherò qualche riga a definizioni un poco scolastiche ma necessarie a capire di cosa parliamo, per poi passare ad un approccio più libero nell’indagine di questo fenomeno. Questo approccio vorrebbe essere ispirato alla contaminazione tra discipline e, soprattutto, caratterizzato da una libertà di seguire tutti gli spunti di interpretazione senza timore di dire qualcosa di poco accademico. La parola “kawaii” è traducibile con l’italiano “carino”, ma nella parola giapponese originale è presente una sfumatura che in qualche modo si perde nella sua resa in una lingua diversa. Una parola, infatti, è anche ancorata al contesto sociale che in cui è nata, e la perdita di questi legami, che ha risvolti anche semantici, porta un certo grado di svuotamento. Cercheremo di individuare più avanti le caratteristiche del “kawaii”, qui ci accontentiamo di definire in generale la parola. L’aggettivo “Kawaii” descrive, quindi, ciò che è “carino”, “adorabile”. Ma ha una sfumatura femminile. Infatti, una ragazza e “kawaii”, ma un ragazzo non lo è, si usa un altro aggettivo (a meno che non si voglia dare una connotazione particolare al nostro commento). Anche l’uso del termine è più frequentemente impiegato da soggetti femminili. 
Davide Donadio 